International Journal for Quality in Health Care 16:317-326 (2004)
International Journal for Quality in Health Care vol. 16 no. 4 © International Society for Quality in Health Care and Oxford University Press 2004; all rights reserved
What makes an error unacceptable? A factorial survey on the disclosure of medical errors
University Witten/Herdecke, Health Policy & Management, Witten, Germany
Background. Although the importance of disclosing medical errors to patients has been argued, little is known about the relative effect of different attributes of error handling and communication on patients’ judgments about errors.
Objectives. This study investigates how different characteristics of medical errors and of physicians’ subsequent handling of errors contribute to patients’ evaluations of the incident and their attitudes towards potential consequences and sanctions for the physician.
Materials and methods. A factorial survey using the vignette technique presented hypothetical scenarios involving medical errors to members of the general public in an Internet-based study. Members of a German Internet survey panel participated (n = 1017). Multiple ordered logistic regression models were estimated to explain citizens’ judgments of error severity and their attitudes towards reporting of errors, wishing for referral to another physician, and supporting sanctions against the health professional involved as a response to characteristics of the presented errors.
Results. While the severity of the outcomes of errors remains the most important single factor in the choice of actions to be taken, the professional’s approach to the error is regarded as essential in the overall evaluation of errors and the consideration of consequences. In errors with a severe outcome, an honest, empathic, and accountable approach to the error decreases the probability of participants’ support for strong sanctions against the physician involved by 59%. Judgments were only marginally affected by respondents’ characteristics.
Conclusions. The handling of errors strongly contributes to citizens’ choice of actions to be taken, and they are sensitive to failures to name the incident as an ‘error’. For the success of de-individualized, systems-oriented approaches to errors, communication of clear accountability to patients will be crucial.
Keywords: factorial survey, Internet, malpractice, medical errors, survey analysis
Address reprint requests to David L. B. Schwappach, Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Medicine, Alfred-Herrhausen-Str. 50, 58448 Witten, Germany. E-mail: davids{at}uni-wh.de
Accepted for publication March 14, 2004.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  A. Allan and D. McKillop The health implications of apologizing after an adverse event Int. J. Qual. Health Care, February 5, 2010; (2010) mzq001v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Lopez, J. S. Weissman, E. C. Schneider, S. N. Weingart, A. P. Cohen, and A. M. Epstein Disclosure of Hospital Adverse Events and Its Association With Patients' Ratings of the Quality of Care Arch Intern Med, November 9, 2009; 169(20): 1888 - 1894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. A. Luk, W. I M. Ng, K. K. S. Ko, and Vai Ha Ung Nursing Management of Medication Errors Nursing Ethics, January 1, 2008; 15(1): 28 - 39. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Perneger Ten reasons to conduct a randomized study in quality improvement Int. J. Qual. Health Care, December 1, 2006; 18(6): 395 - 396. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A Cleopas, A Villaveces, A Charvet, P A Bovier, V Kolly, and T V Perneger Patient assessments of a hypothetical medical error: effects of health outcome, disclosure, and staff responsiveness. Qual. Saf. Health Care, April 1, 2006; 15(2): 136 - 141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. H. Gallagher and W. Levinson Disclosing Harmful Medical Errors to Patients: A Time for Professional Action Arch Intern Med, September 12, 2005; 165(16): 1819 - 1824. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T Smith Exploring the characteristics of active health seekers, the thinking behind patient preferences, and the implications for patient-professional relationships Qual. Saf. Health Care, December 1, 2004; 13(6): 474 - 477. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|