International Journal for Quality in Health Care Advance Access originally published online on May 4, 2005
International Journal for Quality in Health Care 2005 17(5):447-454; doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzi051
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Review Article |
Getting evidence into practice: what works in developing countries?
Nuffield International Health and Development Centre, Institute of Health Sciences and Public Health Research, University of Leeds, UK
Purpose. We summarize and comment on the available literature on the effectiveness of interventions designed to change professional behaviour in order to bring evidence into practice in developing countries.
Data sources. We used a strategy adapted from the Effective Practice & Organization Care (EPOC) Cochrane group.
Study selection. Forty-four studies met pre-defined selection criteria. Controlled and uncontrolled trials of interventions were included. Studies measured either professional compliance with agreed standards or patients’ clinical outcomes.
Data extraction. Data were extracted using a pre-defined extraction tool and studies were appraised accordingly.
Results of data synthesis. Data were synthesized and categorized according to different types of intervention. Audit and feedback was found to be effective, at least in the short term, when combined with other approaches. Similarly, educational interventions were more effective when designed to address local educational needs and organizational barriers. We found insufficient evidence to assess the effectiveness of educational outreach, local opinion leaders, use of mass media, and reminders. Educational materials alone are unlikely to influence change. However, the majority of studies had weak designs and failed to exclude possible biases.
Conclusion. Current evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to change health professionals’ behaviour in developing countries is either scanty or flawed due to poorly designed research. Given the recent drive to improve quality of care, this should be a priority area for researchers and international agencies supporting health systems development in developing countries. This review provides an insight into some of the methodological issues that interested researchers may face.
Keywords: audit, change, clinical behaviour, developing countries, evidence, health care, low-income countries, professional practice
Address reprint requests to Kamran Siddiqi, 71–75 Clarendon Road, Leeds LS2 9PL, UK. E-mail: hssks{at}leeds.ac.uk
Accepted for publication March 27, 2005.