International Journal for Quality in Health Care Advance Access originally published online on December 11, 2006
International Journal for Quality in Health Care 2007 19(1):29-36; doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzl064
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Summary measures of quality of diabetes care: comparison of continuous weighted performance measurement and dichotomous thresholds
1 VA HSR&D Center for Quality Improvement Research, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, and 2 VA HSR&D Center for Healthcare Knowledge Management Research, VA New Jersey Healthcare System, East Orange, NJ, USA
Background. The Institute of Medicine has suggested that related individual measures of quality be combined into summary measures. Averages of adherence on dichotomous measures for intermediate outcomes have shortcomings because control of individual risk factors differs in their health benefit. Therefore, a common metric is necessary to weight measures appropriately.
Objective. Compare health care system performance using continuous measures weighted based on quality adjusted life years saved (QALYsS) versus dichotomous threshold measures.
Research design. Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 2000–01 chart abstraction data of diabetic patients from 141 Veterans Health Administration medical centers. Outcome variables included correlation of individual level and facility level adherence to and rankings by continuous weighted individual and summary dichotomous measures for glycemic control (<8% A1c), blood pressure (<140/80 mm/Hg), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) <130 mg/dl.
Results. The 141 facilities had a range of 163–740 (mean 263) subjects. The population (n = 37 142) was largely male (86.1%) and older (mean age 65.9 years, SD ±11.4 years), with mean overall A1c of 7.58%, systolic blood pressure of 137.2 mm/Hg, and LDL-C 104.8 mg/dl. There was excellent correlation between QALYsS and dichotomous outcomes for A1c (r = 0.86), blood pressure (r = 0.94), LDL-C (r = 0.95), and the summary measure (r = 0.92), but poor correlation among the risk factors (r = 0.19–0.36). There was considerable difference in rankings between the dichotomous and the continuous weighted measures; only 46% of facilities remained within the same or within 1 decile.
Conclusion. Continuous weighted measures for the major risk factors for diabetes-related complications have high correlation with dichotomous measures. We propose that a continuous QALYs-weighted summary measure could function as a global measure for the quality of diabetes care.
Keywords: quality measurement, quality of care, diabetes
Address reprint requests to Leonard M. Pogach, VA HSR&D Center for Healthcare Knowledge Management Research, VA New Jersey Healthcare System, 385 Tremont Avenue, East Orange, NJ, USA. E-mail: leonard.pogach{at}med.va.gov
Accepted for publication November 8, 2006.